Neste texto, exploramos algumas das teses mais importantes desenvolvidas por Newton da Costa, ao longo da sua carreira filosófica. Apresentamos conceitos e ideias de suas obras, que reúnem contribuições no campo da lógica e da filosofia da ciência. A atenção será voltada aos trabalhos Sistemas formais inconsistentes, Ensaios sobre os fundamentos da lógica e O conhecimento científico, dos quais explicitaremos as temáticas e alguns dos conceitos e resultados alcançados pelo filósofo. Objetivamos com essa apresentação ressaltar a originalidade de seu pensamento, (...) isto é, de que modo suas respostas pessoais se dirigem a questões relevantes da história da filosofia, da matemática e da lógica. (shrink)

Leituras em Educação — volume 8 — constitui importante contribuição às discussões que se formulam sobre o ensino e a prática pedagógica - da leitura, da literatura infantojuvenil, da iniciação científica no Ensino Médio, dos infinitos diálogos com Paulo Freire. Esta coletânea, em seus cinco artigos, explora de modo consistente pressupostos teóricos que explicitam a importância da educação e sua construção em saberes, incluindo a tecnologia, quando refletem sobre a aprendizagem. Todas as leituras examinam, de maneira cuidadosa, a prática pedagógica (...) oferecendo minuciosos roteiros de trabalhos, mostrando com maturidade e espírito crítico algumas respostas obtidas. (shrink)

Este artigo argumenta em favor do uso de textos extraídos de obras filosóficasoriginais com alunos de ensino médio. Apesar das críticas que esta propostatem recebido, e sem ignorar as dificuldades que dela advêm, procura-semostrar a necessidade de se ter como aspecto central das aulas a leitura einterpretação de fragmentos retirados de obras de filósofos. This article argues for the use of texts from philosophical works with highschool students. Despite criticism that the proposal has suffered, and withoutignoring the difficulties it implies, (...) it attempts to show the necessity of havingas a central aspect of classroom reading and interpretation of fragments takenfrom the works of philosophers. (shrink)

Este trabalho é parte de um relatório de investigação que tem oito projetos de pesquisa integrados em rede, atrelados à pesquisa matricial do Grupo LEPEL/FACED/UFBA, que se articula ao grupo PAIDÉIA/FAE/UNICAMP, que coordena uma pesquisa cujas bases têm vinculação e é intitulada: Produção do conhecimento em Educação Física: Impacto do sistema de pós-graduação das regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil na formação e produção de mestres e doutores que atuam nas instituições de ensino superior da região nordeste – EPISTEFNORDESTE. A (...) investigação promove análise epistemológica e visa formação de pesquisadores com pensamento teórico-metodológico planejado com base no materialismo histórico dialético. (shrink)

Esse trabalho sistematiza a experiência de um estudo de caso realizado por um coletivo de pesquisadores em formação no grupo de LEPEL/FACED/UFBA. Têm em consideração, condições objetivas concretas de uma pesquisa em rede, promovida a partir de um trabalho voltado para elevar o pensamento teórico-metodológico de pesquisadores. Os resultados apontam que uma consiste formação de pesquisadores em rede, visando elevar o pensamento teórico-metodológico, requer estudos em uma rigorosa matriz categorial de referência marxista, cuja concepção histórica se pauta em conceber de (...) forma crítica o intercâmbio do modo de produção econômico capitalista, que engendra a produção do conhecimento científico. (shrink)

La parentalité impose au sujet un travail psychique intense qui s’appuie sur des aspects narcissiques, archaïques, sur l’histoire de la filiation et de la transmission psychique. La parentalité est, avant tout, liée à un processus qui comporte des risques psychiques particuliers face aux événements de vie. Identifier ces enjeux dans la relation parent-enfant et comprendre ce qui est sollicité pour le sujet face à des événements nécessite de remodeler les alliances et de trouver un nouvel équilibre psychique. Dans le cadre (...) d’une recherche clinique, les auteures, impliquées dans un dispositif d’écoute psychanalytique de la parentalité, proposent une discussion quant aux repères cliniques des enjeux qui sous-tendent la relation parent-enfant. Ce questionnement est discuté par deux vignettes cliniques, celle de Maria qui, après son accouchement, expérimente des vécus corporels primitifs projetés sur son bébé et celle de Camila, qui commence son analyse après la tentative de suicide de sa fille. Dans l’ensemble de ces vignettes, on observe une réorganisation de la dynamique psychique et une possibilité de symboliser davantage les modes d’alliance de la dyade parent-enfant. (shrink)

Este trabalho identifica a realidade da produção do conhecimento stricto sensu em Educação Física de professores que trabalham em cursos de formação no estado da Bahia – 1982 a 2012 –, em vista as determinações históricas e epistemológicas. É parte da pesquisa em rede EPISTEFNORDESTE. Fonte de dados/informações: 142 produções stricto sensu e 5 PNPG. A metodologia tem base dialética. Resultados apontam que os PNPG, alicerçados na lógica do modo de produção capitalista, geram produções que encerram limites lógicos que são (...) entraves para o avanço da área de Educação Física na construção de uma consistente base teórica que responda aos reais problemas que a área vem impondo historicamente. (shrink)

Desafios e dilemas da condição de trabalho de professores iniciantes no magistério público no DF Resumo: Este trabalho se origina nas preocupações voltadas às condições de trabalho de professores que iniciam na docência e tem por objetivo estudar a condição de trabalho do professor no início da carreira, buscando entender os desafios e dilemas enfrentados, no intuito de contribuir com a análise da realidade da atividade docente. O foco é o professor iniciante na Secretaria de Educação do Distrito Federal. Os (...) resultados são obtidos a partir da análise documental em legislações e publicações no Diário Oficial do DF, e na aplicação de questionários e entrevistas. Os dados revelam um quantitativo expressivo de desistentes na carreira, compreendido em um terço dos professores que são aprovados no concurso público, anunciando questões objetivas ligadas as condições de trabalho, nos levando em questionar a necessidade de políticas de formação pensadas a partir da realidade do trabalho docente. Chamamos atenção para a omissão de políticas públicas diante do caso, como um fator condicionador para intensificar ainda mais as dificuldades enfrentadas nesta etapa da carreira. Se espera contribuir para a produção de conhecimento na área de formação de professores no que se refere aos dilemas vividos pelo professor iniciante, visando fundamentar propostas sobre acompanhamento profissional dos docentes iniciantes na carreira. Palavras-chave: Trabalho Docente; Professor Iniciante; Condições de Trabalho Challenges and dilemms of the working condition of initiating teachers in the public magistery in DF Abstract: This work originates from concerns about the working conditions of teachers who start teaching and aims to study the teacher's working condition at the beginning of their career, seeking to understand the challenges and dilemmas faced, in order to contribute to the analysis of reality teaching activity. The focus is the beginner teacher at the Education Department of the Federal District. The results are obtained from documentary analysis in legislation and publications in the Federal Official Gazette, and in the application of questionnaires and interviews. The data reveal an expressive number of dropouts in the career, comprised in one third of the teachers who are approved in the public exam, announcing objective questions related to working conditions, leading us to question the need for training policies designed from the reality of the work. teacher. We call attention to the omission of public policies in the case, as a conditioning factor to further intensify the difficulties faced at this stage of the career. It is expected to contribute to the production of knowledge in the area of ​​teacher training with regard to the dilemmas experienced by the beginning teacher, aiming to substantiate proposals on professional accompaniment of teachers beginning in their careers. Key words: Teaching Work; Beginner Teacher; Work conditions Challenges and dilemms of the working condition of initiating teachers in the public magistery in DF Resumen: Este trabajo nace de inquietudes sobre las condiciones laborales de los docentes que inician la docencia y tiene como objetivo estudiar la condición laboral del docente al inicio de su carrera, buscando comprender los desafíos y dilemas que enfrenta, con el fin de contribuir al análisis de la realidad de la actividad docente. El enfoque es el maestro principiante en el Departamento de Educación del Distrito Federal. Los resultados se obtienen del análisis documental en la legislación y publicaciones en el Diario Oficial de la Federación, y en la aplicación de cuestionarios y entrevistas. Los datos revelan un expresivo número de abandonos en la carrera, comprendido en un tercio de los docentes que son aprobados en el examen público, anunciando cuestiones objetivas relacionadas con las condiciones laborales, lo que nos lleva a cuestionar la necesidad de políticas de formación diseñadas a partir de la realidad del trabajo. profesor. Llamamos la atención sobre la omisión de políticas públicas en el caso, como factor condicionante para intensificar aún más las dificultades enfrentadas en esta etapa de la carrera. Se espera contribuir a la producción de conocimiento en el ámbito de la formación docente frente a los dilemas vividos por el docente principiante, con el objetivo de fundamentar propuestas sobre el acompañamiento profesional del docente que se inicia en su carrera. Palabras clave : Trabajo Docente; Profesor principiante; Condiciones de trabajo. Data de registro: 18/02/2020 Data de aceite: 30/06/2021 Financiamento: CNPq, FAPDF. (shrink)

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo trabalhar o tema da liberdade na relação indivíduo e coletividade segundo o pensamento steiniano. Parte-se de uma investigação do indivíduo em relação consigo mesmo, com o outro para daí abstrair a essência da peculiaridade das influências externas do convívio do indivíduo na coletividade. Sendo assim, Stein analisa fenomenologicamente a pessoa humana em todas as suas dimensões e reconhece que é preciso averiguar as manifestações subjetivas da espiritualidade e examinar suas consequências na vida coletiva. Assim (...) uma investigação fenomenológica sobre a relação indivíduo e coletividade está subjacente à problemática de se saber como o indivíduo pode resguardar sua individualidade e liberdade na convivência coletiva. Para responder essa questão a autora apresenta o caminho da fé como abertura para que o indivíduo possa agir eticamente, consciente na coletividade tendo em vista o bem comum. A liberdade humana como dom da graça e como condição humana que se revela através da relação entre o reino da natureza e o reino da graça. (shrink)

We are fallible creatures, prone to making all sorts of mistakes. So, we should be open to evidence of error. But what constitutes such evidence? And what is it to rationally accommodate it? I approach these questions by considering an evolutionary debunking argument according to which (a) we have good, scientific, reason to think our moral beliefs are mistaken, and (b) rationally accommodating this requires revising our confidence in, or altogether abandoning the suspect beliefs. I present a dilemma for such (...) debunkers, which shows that either we have no reason to worry about our moral beliefs, or we do but we can self-correct. Either way, moral skepticism doesn’t follow. That the evolutionary debunking argument fails is important; also important, however, is what its failure reveals about rational belief revision. Specifically, it suggests that getting evidence of error is a non-trivial endeavor and that we cannot learn that we are likely to be mistaken about some matter from a neutral stance on that matter. (shrink)

Evolutionary debunking arguments start with a premise about the influence of evolutionary forces on our evaluative beliefs, and conclude that we are not justified in those beliefs. The value realist holds that there are attitude-independent evaluative truths. But the debunker argues that we have no reason to think that the evolutionary forces that shaped human evaluative attitudes would track those truths. Worse yet, we seem to have a good reason to think that they wouldn’t: evolution selects for characteristics that increase (...) genetic fitness—not ones that correlate with the evaluative truth. Plausibly, the attitudes and judgments that increase a creature’s fitness come apart from the true evaluative beliefs. My aim in this paper is to show that no plausible evolutionary debunking argument can both have force against the value realist and not collapse into a more general skeptical argument. I conclude that there is little hope for evolutionary debunking arguments. This is bad news for the debunker who hoped that the cold, hard scientific facts about our origins would debunk our evaluative beliefs. And it is good news for the realist. (shrink)

Evolutionary debunking arguments move from a premise about the influence of evolutionary forces on our moral beliefs to a skeptical conclusion about those beliefs. My primary aim is to clarify this empirically grounded epistemological challenge. I begin by distinguishing among importantly different sorts of epistemological attacks. I then demonstrate that instances of each appear in the literature under the ‘evolutionary debunking’ title. Distinguishing them clears up some confusions and helps us better understand the structure and potential of evolutionary debunking arguments.

We often hear such casual accusations: you just believe that because you are a liberal, a Christian, an American, a woman… When such charges are made they are meant to sting—not just emotionally, but epistemically. But should they? It can be disturbing to learn that one's beliefs reflect the influence of such irrelevant factors. The pervasiveness of such influence has led some to worry that we are not justified in many of our beliefs. That same pervasiveness has led others to (...) doubt whether there is any worry here at all. I argue that evidence of irrelevant belief influence is sometimes, but not always, undermining. My proposal picks out ordinary, non-skeptical cases in which we get evidence of error. It says that, in those cases, evidence of irrelevant influence is epistemically significant. It shows how respecting evidence of error is compatible with the epistemic lives we see ourselves living. We are fallible creatures, yes, but we are also capable and intelligent ones. We can recognize and correct for our own error so as to improve our imperfect, yet nevertheless robust, epistemic lives. (shrink)

Human chromosome 11p15 comprises two imprinted domains important in the control of fetal and postnatal growth. Novel studies1-3 establish that imprinting at one of these, the IGF2-H19 domain, is epigenetically deregulated (with loss of DNA methylation) in Silver-Russell Syndrome (SRS), a congenital disease of growth retardation and asymmetry. Previously, the exact opposite epigenetic alteration (gain of DNA methylation) had been detected at the domain's ‘imprinting control region’ (ICR) in patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS), a complex disorder of fetal overgrowth. However, (...) more frequently, BWS is caused by loss of DNA methylation at the ICR that regulates the second imprinted domain at 11p15. Interestingly, a similar epigenetic alteration (with loss of methylation) at a putative ICR on human chromosome 6q24, is involved in transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM), a congenital disease with intrauterine growth retardation and a transient lack of insulin. Thus, fetal and postnatal growth is epigenetically controlled by different ICRs, at 11p15 and other chromosomal regions. BioEssays 28: 453–459, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

The fact of moral disagreement when conjoined with Conciliationism, an independently attractive view about the epistemic significance disagreement, seems to entail moral skepticism. This worries those who like Conciliationism, the independently attractive view, but dislike moral skepticism. Others, equally inclined against moral skepticism, think this is a reductio of Conciliationism. I argue that they are both wrong. There is no reductio and nothing to worry about.

It’s intuitive to think that (a) the more sure you are of something, the harder it’ll be to change your mind about it, and (b) you can’t be open-minded about something if you’re very sure about it. If these thoughts are right, then, with minimal assumptions, it follows that you can’t be in a good position to both escape echo chambers and be rationally resistant to fake news: the former requires open-mindedness, but the latter is inimical to it. I argue (...) that neither thought is true and that believing them will get us all mixed up. I show that you can be open-minded and have confidently held beliefs, and that beliefs in which you are less sure are not, thereby, more fragile. I close with some reflections on the nature of rational belief change and open-mindedness and a brief sketch about what might actually help us in the fight against misinformation and belief polarization …. [please read below the rest of the article]. (shrink)

O objeto de estudo do presente texto assenta-se na discussão sobre as finalidades da arte referentes à liberdade e à autonomia humana, tendo como aporte teórico a estética hegeliana. O estudo pretende, ainda que de modo conciso, ser um caminho reflexivo de suporte para a compreensão da estética, enquanto área de conhecimento humano. A metodologia adotada refere-se ao estudo de cunho teórico sobre a arte enquanto expressão, forma de produção de conhecimento sensível e de criação humana. Visa-se tecer argumentos acerca (...) da filosofia da arte de Hegel, tendo como reflexão o campo estético, a construção da liberdade do ser e da autonomia no processo de criação artística. O estudo destina-se a contribuir para a discussão nas áreas da filosofia, estética, arte e educação. (shrink)

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo discutir, com fundamentação teórica na Psicologia Analítica de C. G. Jung, as concepções de médicos e psicólogos sobre o processo saúde-doença e a formação do profissional para atuar em contexto hospitalar. A partir de uma pesquisa em campo qualitativa-descritiva, est..

Zhuangzi purports to follow a particular method of viewing human emotion and suggests freeing oneself from worldly emotions—this is called “doctrine of non-emotion” (wuqing shuo 無情說). This article attempts to show that the idea of non-emotion in Zhuangzi does not in any way conflict with the expression of emotion in poetry, and moreover, it provides a foundation for the poet to express his emotions naturally and freely. We will use the Chinese poetry of the Wei-Jin Period—a period that is strongly (...) influenced by the philosophy of Zhuangzi, yet at the same time emphasizes the expression of the poet's emotion in poetry—as an example to show how fruitful it indeed is when Zhuangzi's philosophy becomes applied to Chinese poetry. (shrink)

Should learning we disagree about p lead you to reduce confidence in p? Some who think so want to except beliefs in which you are rationally highly confident. I argue that this is wrong; we should reject accounts that rely on this intuitive thought. I then show that quite the opposite holds: factors that justify low confidence in p also make disagreement about p less significant. I examine two such factors: your antecedent expectations about your peers’ opinions and the difficulty (...) of evaluating your evidence. I close by proposing a different way of thinking about disagreement. (shrink)

Based on the analysis of Zhuangzi, this paper attempts to illustrate the positive aspects of Zhuangzi’s idea concerning contented acceptance of fate, whi...

In 1977, the first computer-assisted proof of a mathematical theorem was presented by K. Appel and W. Haken. The proof was met with a lot of criticism from both mathematicians and philosophers. In this paper, I present some examples of computer-assisted proofs, including Appel and Haken’s work. Then, I analyze the most famous arguments against the equal acceptance of computer-based and human-based proofs in mathematics and examine the philosophical assumptions behind the presented criticism. In the conclusion, I talk about whether (...) the philosophical assumptions are justified as they are, or one needs to take a specific philosophical position to accept them. (shrink)

An argument is epistemically self-defeating when either the truth of an argument’s conclusion or belief in an argument’s conclusion defeats one’s justification to believe at least one of that argument’s premises. Some extant defenses of the evidentiary value of intuition have invoked considerations of epistemic self-defeat in their defense. I argue that there is one kind of argument against intuition, an unreliability argument, which, even if epistemically self-defeating, can still imply that we are not justified in thinking intuition has evidentiary (...) value. (shrink)

As crianças participam de corpo inteiro nos seus mundos de vida, visibilizando a natureza incorporada da ação humana. A partir de uma pesquisa etnográfica com crianças em nível de doutorado, sua empiria e bases teóricas, vimos que o corpo das crianças está na base de toda sua experiência social, mediador das relações, das práticas, dos discursos, das apropriações do Outro e do mundo. Tal ideia precisa ser considerada nas práticas pedagógicas, para que vençamos os fortes mecanismos de controle e dominação (...) que instituem e orientam um ordenamento social normativo do modelo ideal de corpo disciplinado e obediente, que marginaliza e exclui o corpo da criança ávido por descobrir e descobrir-se na sua relação novidável e embrionária com o mundo. As crianças como atores sociais de corpo inteiro têm na sua ação incorporada uma de suas formas de participar dos contextos coletivos de educação pela qual expressam seus pontos de vista. Palavras-chaves: Corpo. Criança. Educação Infantil. Direitos. Direitos de participação. (shrink)

Christianity has a long presence in the Maghreb, dating back to Roman imperial times. Eventually it became a mostly Muslim region, but in the late nineteenth century, the Roman Catholic Church embarked on a vast mission of church building, in part to assist the French colonial endeavor. In Tunisia, political independence in 1956 was accompanied by a further reinvigoration of Christianity, and, over the last twenty years, conversion to Christianity has been on the rise. Beginning in 2003, workers and students (...) from sub-Saharan Africa have contributed to the growth of both Catholic and Protestant churches in Tunis. This article analyzes the ways in which various Christian groups organize and articulate their religious practice and proselytization in ritual spaces that are sparse and must be shared in contemporary Tunisia. (shrink)

The distinction between propositional and doxastic justification has been of undisputed theoretical importance in a wide range of contemporary epistemological debates. Yet there are a host of intimately related issues that have rarely been discussed in connection with this distinction. For instance, the distinction not only applies to an individual’s beliefs, but also to group beliefs and to various other attitudes that both groups and individuals can take: credence, commitment, suspension, faith, and hope. Moreover, discussions of propositional and doxastic justification (...) have rarely focused on broader meta-epistemological issues, and yet meta-epistemological positions can have important implications for first-order views about this distinction. This volume addresses these and other issues by bringing together 16 essays that advance the state-of-the-art thinking on propositional and doxastic justification and explore how such thinking shapes and is shaped by a range of issues previously neglected in contemporary epistemology. (shrink)

In Psychology, the issue of language usage as a means of action in psychological life requires that we question the relations between the forms of language expression and their psychological functions. The current paper contributes to an understanding of this question. The relation between form and function is examined here, with particular focus on a discursive and dialogic method employed in the Activity Clinic approach to elicit controversy as a means of developing dialogical thinking. We argue that the interfunctionality of (...) levels of dialogue serves developmental processes, promoting thought and the possibilities for its elaboration. We describe these developmental processes on the basis of an empirical analysis of a sequence from an intervention conducted with Roman Catholic Priests on preaching in homily. Our methodological frameworks have the function of vivifying dialogical thinking about work, by making use of the interfunctionality of levels of dialogue and the vital function of social relations in the psychological life of the subjects. (shrink)

In the late 1990s, computational technology had advanced sufficiently that astrophysicists were able to construct reasonably high resolution computer simulations of the Local Group of galaxies. These simulations indicated there should be around 250 small satellite galaxies orbiting the Milky Way and Andromeda. In the real Local Group, however, only around 40 satellites had been observed, and only twenty or so more have been discovered since then. Despite this discrepancy in numbers, claims have been made in recent years that the (...) ‘missing satellites problem’ has been solved. Using the examples of the constructed luminosity curve, and hydrodynamic simulations, this paper explores how simulations are used in conjunction with observation to ‘solve’ the missing satellites problem. It is suggested that the simulated universes have sufficient complexity to be understood as worlds in their own right, ones that can be measured and observed. By demonstrating that these virtual worlds are sufficiently ‘realistic’ with respect to observations, astrophysicists are able to make a robust argument for the existence of ‘dark’, non-observable astrophysical objects. Observational and simulated data are combined to demonstrate the plausibility—a term that develops more ontologically meaningful connotations—of both the existence and the maintenance of dark satellites. It is thus through the conflation of the real and virtual worlds, the blending of simulation data with empirical data, that the missing satellites problem is ‘solved’. (shrink)

The author analyzes the complex intimate relations between human rights and globalization, and the consequences of this debate in the reconfiguration of public space and in the composition of virtual space. Globalization is explained through a critical reading of the political phenomenon of the pri..

En "tiempos" de una profunda crisis de los espacios públicos, principalmente, la crisis de soberanía, identidad colectiva, pertenencia y radicalismos; Europa quiere ser un bastión de "resistencia a la globalización" y, en su conjunto, un espacio para la afirmación y la garantía de los Derechos que ..

Can citizens impact the broader discourse about an organization and its legitimacy? While social media have empowered citizens to publicly question firms through large volumes of online evaluations, the high heterogeneity of their evaluations dilutes their impact. Our empirical study applying a threshold vector autoregressive model (TVAR) analysis of 2.5 million tweets and 1,786 news media articles tests the condition by which the heterogeneity of online evaluations converges and influences the broader media discourse. Although social media evaluations do not initially (...) influence media legitimacy, they become influential after reaching a tipping point of refracted attention, which is created by high volume and convergence of individual evaluations around few aggregative frames. Thus, social media storms may influence the broader discourse about an organization when this discourse converges and reaches a tipping point, rather than merely through the massive participation of citizens. (shrink)

The basing demand on doxastic justification is a widely held and highly intuitive dogma of contemporary epistemology. In Silva [2015, AJP], I argued that the dialectical significance of this dogma is severely limited by our lack of independent grounds for endorsing it. Oliveira [2015, AJP] sought to defend the basing demand on doxastic justification. Here I explain why Oliveira’s attempted defense of the basing demand misses its mark. I also briefly suggest that there is an alternative way of defending (...) the basing demand. The alternative way is reconciliatory: it shows that most epistemologists may have been right to insist on such a demand, but perhaps still wrong to treat it as a dialectically powerful tool in the assessment of certain substantive epistemological theories. (shrink)

In this article, I show why it is necessary to abolish the use of predictive algorithms in the US criminal justice system at sentencing. After presenting the functioning of these algorithms in their context of emergence, I offer three arguments to demonstrate why their abolition is imperative. First, I show that sentencing based on predictive algorithms induces a process of rewriting the temporality of the judged individual, flattening their life into a present inescapably doomed by its past. Second, I demonstrate (...) that recursive processes, comprising predictive algorithms and the decisions based on their predictions, systematically suppress outliers and progressively transform reality to match predictions. In my third and final argument, I show that decisions made on the basis of predictive algorithms actively perform a biopolitical understanding of justice as management and modulation of risks. In such a framework, justice becomes a means to maintain a perverse social homeostasis that systematically exposes disenfranchised Black and Brown populations to risk. (shrink)

Sociolinguistics is a young and vigorous branch of linguistics. Brought to life in the late 1960s through the pioneering work on urban dialects by William Labov and his students, it developed rapidly. From the end of the 1970s, it expanded to include a vast range of studies focusing on various relations between language and society. From sociolinguistics in the narrow sense—the study of correlations between linguistic and nonlinguistic variables—it came to be used as an umbrella term of loosely connected research (...) into the interdependence and mutual influence of language and social life. Nowadays, sociolinguistics is an interdisciplinary field, focusing on such issues as social dialects, multilingualism, language planning, and language reform and change. (shrink)